Known for their coiled shells made up of multiple chambers, free-swimming ammonites were common during the Cretaceous and Devonian periods.
Christopher Junium, assistant professor of Earth sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences, is the recipient of a Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award—the highest honor given by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in support of early-career development activities of teacher-scholars.
A sedimentary and organic geochemist, Junium will use the five-year award, valued at more than $524,000, to study how marine communities respond to global warming, anoxia (i.e., lack of oxygen) and ocean acidification. His project includes fieldwork in Utah and Colorado, where he will examine the effects of a 94-million-year-old Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE), as well as trips to Central New York’s Green Lakes and Clark Reservation state parks, whose lakes are highly anoxic and, in some ways, characteristic of an OAE.
“The CAREER Award is NSF’s highest honor,” says Karin Ruhlandt, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Chemistry. “Professor Junium understands the importance of research and education within context of our institutional mission. He also exemplifies the college’s commitment to interdisciplinary teaching, research and service.”
Like all CAREER projects, Junium’s combines research and education. As such, he will receive generous financial assistance for research staff, equipment and educational work.
Christopher Junium in Colorado, posing with 94 million-year-old rock
“A CAREER project marries innovative research with a well-developed education program,” says Junium, who joined Syracuse’s faculty in 2012. “It’s also designed to engage people beyond our campus borders.”
The research component of Junium’s CAREER project involves OAEs, when parts of the Earth’s oceans were devoid of oxygen for hundreds of thousands of years. He is particularly interested in an OAE from 94 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, when dinosaurs roamed the Earth. It was a time of tremendous tectonic upheaval, augmented by warm temperatures and shifting sea levels.
By studying ancient warming scenarios—specifically, ones preserved in rock in Utah and Colorado, as well as in Central New York, dating back to the Devonian period, some 400 million years ago—Junium hopes to make ecological predictions about the future.
“It’s generally thought that OAEs resulted from rapid increases in greenhouse gases, setting off massive changes in the Earth’s climatic and ecological balance,” says Junium, who earned a Ph.D. in geosciences from Pennsylvania State University. “Not much is known, however, about how marine life reacted to these changes. The answer may lie in response to the question: ‘Who ate whom?’”
Using stable isotope analysis, Junium is making direct inferences about diet, trophic levels and subsistence in Cretaceous and Devonian food webs. “The stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen basically follow what organisms consumed,” he says. “This is a relatively simple analysis in a modern ecosystem, but it’s far more challenging with 94 million-year-old material.”
For assistance, Junium is turning to scientists at Northwestern University, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Williams College, Penn State, SUNY Oswego, the University of Delaware and Onondaga Community College (OCC).
Junium is also collaborating with colleagues at Syracuse, where he’s figured out how to measure stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the shells and skeletal material of ancient organisms.
“Finding out what happened to marine life during an OAE may also answer more basic questions, such as ‘What did ammonites eat for dinner?’” he says.
Linda Ivany, professor of Earth sciences at Syracuse, adds: “Professor Junium brings an exciting suite of new and cutting-edge analytical tools to the table for his research. With these, he’s able to address long-standing questions that have, thus far, eluded scientists interested in nutrient cycling in ancient ecosystems, ranging from the most basic (‘who ate whom’) to the most fundamental, such as how biological productivity influences global climate change. The CAREER Award is a testament to the importance of his work.”
A North Atlantic geologic sample, whose black band signifies an Oceanic Anoxic Event, or OAE. Junium obtained the sample in 2012, while working with the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.
The second facet of Junium’s research involves the chemistry of Syracuse’s Green Lake and its sister, Glacier Lake, in Clark Reservation State Park. That both lakes are characteristic of an OAE provides an array of teaching opportunities.
Here, the focus is on the nitrogen cycle—the process by which specialized bacteria convert nitrogen into a usable form, which is absorbed by plants and animals. Junium hopes his research will shed light on how the nitrogen cycle impacts bacteria near the bottom of the lakes.
“Having these lakes close to campus is a huge asset to my research,” says Junium, whose CAREER project includes a summer course for OCC students at Green Lakes State Park, as well as a lab internship through OCC’s Upstate Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation program. “Our students will not just be learning about lake systems; they’ll also be participating in sampling efforts and analyses. They’ll be doing real field work.”
Junium, who found his calling as an undergraduate while studying a rock glacier in Wyoming, is optimistic about the results.
“There’s something magical about doing field work, even if you’re just rowing a boat to the middle of a lake and taking water samples,” he adds. “You’re bound to learn something, maybe even about yourself.”
